Philosophy Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| S 4 / S 5, logic, philosophy: S 4 and S 5 are modal logical systems that differ in terms of what is expressible in them. The increase in expressiveness is achieved by adding axioms. S 5 results from S 4 by the added axiom Mp > NMp. "What is possible is necessarily possible". See also axioms, axiom systems, modal logic, modalities, stronger/weaker._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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John Bigelow on S 4 / S 5 - Dictionary of Arguments
I 107 System S4/Bigelow/Pargetter: contains T and in addition: A10 Axiom S4 (Na > Nna) Everyday language translation: if something has to be true, it must be true that it has to be true. System B/Brouwer/Bigelow/Pargetter: contains T plus A11. Axiom B: (a > NMa) Everyday language translation: if something is true, it must be true that it is possible. System S4/Bigelow/Pargetter: some of his theorems are not theorems of B, and some of B are not theorems of S4. With an additional Axiom S5, we can prove both S4 and B as theorems: A12. Axiom S5: (Ma > NMa) System S5/Bigelow/Pargetter: contains all theorems of S4 and of B and nothing else. I 108 Systems/Proveability/Bigelow/Pargetter: T plus S5 can prove S4 and B, but also T plus S4 and B together can prove S5. Nevertheless: T plus S4 without B cannot prove S5 T plus B without S4 cannot prove S5. Logical necessity/S5/Bigelow/Pargetter: the system S5 is a plausible characterization of the logical necessity. System S4/Bigelow/Pargetter: when we interpret: Rhomb/diamond/possibility/M: "cannot be proved by logic alone" Box/Necessity/N: "can be proved by logic alone" Then S4 becomes: Everyday language translation: "If something can be proved by logic alone, then one can prove by logic alone that one can prove it by logic alone". Bigelow/Pargetter: that is plausible. System B/Bigelow/Pargetter: Everyday language translation: "If something is true, one can show with logic alone that it cannot be refuted by logic alone. System S5/Bigelow/Pargetter: Everyday language translation: If something cannot be refuted by logic alone, it can be proved by logic alone that it cannot be refuted by logic alone. >Axioms, >Axiom systems._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Big I J. Bigelow, R. Pargetter Science and Necessity Cambridge 1990 |
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Ed. Martin Schulz, access date 2024-04-28